import{_ as c,c as x,a,b as m,d as s,o as j}from"./app-BdNP3b8G.js";const e="/images/2018/04/vdice_04.png",i="/images/2018/04/vdice_05.png",t={};function n(r,l){return j(),x("div",null,l[0]||(l[0]=[a('<h1 id="从抛币协议到智能合约-二" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#从抛币协议到智能合约-二"><span>从抛币协议到智能合约(二)</span></a></h1><p>除了抛币协议，加密领域还有一个很有趣的课题和游戏的去中心化直接相关，就是<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_poker" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Mental Poker</a>协议，中文一般翻译成“智力扑克”，但我认为这个翻译并不准确，“Mental Poker”一词来源于1979年的一篇论文《<a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/ShamirRivestAdleman-MentalPoker.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Mental Poker</a>》，作者是Shamir,Rivest和Adleman（就是发明RSA算法的三位大牛）,里面这么描述这个场景：</p><figure><img src="'+e+'" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>Mental这个词在这里应该是意念或者思维的意思，和盲棋是对应的，但中文中并没有“意念扑克”这样的词，所以翻译成“盲牌协议”其实更贴切一些。和象棋围棋这样的信息公开游戏不同，扑克游戏大部分都有发牌环节，玩家手中的牌是保密的，所以两位象棋大师完全可以在电话里通过“炮二平五、马八进七”来一局象棋，但扑克牌就不行了，你说手里有一对Ace，我怎么知道你没撒谎呢？<br> 所以Mental Poker协议最关键的就是洗牌和发牌这个流程，这个过程既要保证是随机和公平的，又要保证玩家的手牌的私密性，在这篇论文里给了一个巧妙的方法，先举个形象的例子：</p><blockquote><p>Alice想把一件珍宝通过信使送给Bob，但信使非常不可靠，没有锁进箱子的东西他一定会偷的，并且如果让信使拿到钥匙他也一定会去打开锁的，那在这种情况下Alice和Bob有什么办法安全的把宝物送给对方呢？答案是：Alice用箱子把宝物装进去，然后用自己的锁把箱子锁起来送给Bob，Bob收到箱子后再加上一把自己的锁，把箱子再送回给Alice，Alice收到后打开自己的锁送回给Bob，最后Bob收到箱子之后再打开自己的所，就可以拿到宝物了。</p></blockquote><p>按这个思路换成扑克牌游戏，假设Alice和Bob要玩一局扑克牌游戏，开局的时候他们都要一副牌（52张）中各抽取5张，那么过程就是这样：</p>',6),m("ol",null,[m("li",null,[s("Alice负责洗牌，她首先生成一个长度为52的数组，数组的每个元素表示一张牌，然后用她的加密算法"),m("mjx-container",{class:"MathJax",jax:"CHTML",style:{position:"relative"}},[m("mjx-math",{class:"MJX-TEX","aria-hidden":"true"},[m("mjx-msub",null,[m("mjx-mi",{class:"mjx-i"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c1D438 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noreferrer"},"这篇文章")],-1),a('<hr><p>有意思的是，尽管目前已经有多种严密的算法来解决扑克牌的去中心化问题，但我们仍然没有看到真的有产品在实际中使用这些协议。这是由于如果想实现真正的去中心化游戏平台，除了刚才说的这些安全协议之外，还需要有一大堆辅助的服务，比如P2P网络基础，玩家匹配，积分，支付等系统，这些系统的复杂度还很难实现去中心化。但区块链和比特币出现之后情况就不同了，2012年，一个使用比特币进行赌博的游戏平台中<a href="https://www.satoshidice.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">本聪筛子</a>出现了，玩法很简单，玩家给系统提供的比特币钱包转账一定金额的比特币，这笔交易会在区块链网络里会产生一条公开的记录，系统根据这条交易记录的ID计算出一个0到65535之间的幸运数字，系统根据这个数字按照一定的赔率付给玩家比特币，或者收走玩家的比特币。<br> 不难看出，中本聪筛子其实是基于它的中心系统运行的，而以太坊和智能合约出现之后我们距离去中心化又前进了一步，以太坊同样也是以区块链作为基础的去中心化网络，不同的是，它可以支持一种叫做智能合约的特殊数据在链上运行，一份智能合约可以看作是一段代码，比如两个人要打一个赌，那么双方可以把赌金和获胜的判断条件写到智能合约代码中，发布到以太坊上，由系统来判断哪方获胜并自动把赌金转给获胜的一方，由于这个判断的运行是放在整个区块链上运行的，所以可以视作是去中心化的。<br> 比如<a href="https://www.etheroll.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">etheroll</a>这个平台就是一个利用以太坊智能合约进行赌博的平台，它的玩法和中本聪筛子很类似，也是挑选一个赔率，向指定钱包发送一定数量的以太币开始游戏，然后这个系统会调用发送一份智能合约到以太坊上，合约里会产生一个0到100的随机数，只要你的随机数小于赔率对应的数值，那么系统就会按照赔率付给你对应得以太币。但是，这个随机数如何产生呢？这就要用到以太坊中的“预言机”机制，简单来说，预言机其实就是区块链和显示网络的“连接器”，在普通的智能合约代码里，是不能调用网络函数的，这是由于区块链数据一旦生成，就不能再做任何修改，但预言机提供了一些特殊的合约，其他合约可以通过调用其代码来获取互联网数据，比如随机数、股票数据、天气甚至欧洲杯的结果，在<a href="https://etherscan.io/address/0x048717ea892f23fb0126f00640e2b18072efd9d2#code" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Etheroll的智能合约代码</a>里，就是通过调用<a href="www.oraclize.it">www.oraclize.it</a>提供的智能合约，从<a href="random.org">random.org</a>获取的随机数，而这两个机构都是大家公信的机构。</p><figure><img src="'+i+'" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>但智能合约是有高昂的代价的，根据智能合约的复杂程序，编写者需要支付一定数量的费用(称为Gas)才能提交合约，而且以目前以太坊的机制，即使像扔筛子这样的一次性简单操作，所需要编写的智能合约已经非常复杂了。如果想完成一个去中心化的德州扑克几乎是完全不可能的，就看有没有新的技术平台能够实现这一点了。</p>',4)]))}const 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