2 lines
72 KiB
JavaScript
2 lines
72 KiB
JavaScript
import{_ as a,c as x,a as c,b as m,d as s,o as j}from"./app-Bj0iHonY.js";const t="/images/2018/04/vdice_01.png",e="/images/2018/04/vdice_02.png",n="/images/2018/04/vdice_03.png",i={};function o(r,l){return j(),x("div",null,l[0]||(l[0]=[c('<h1 id="从抛币协议到智能合约-一" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#从抛币协议到智能合约-一"><span>从抛币协议到智能合约(一)</span></a></h1><p>最近区块链非常火，也有人在讨论游戏和区块链的结合，就目前来看，已有的区块链游戏无非就是两种，一种就是类似于<a href="https://www.cryptokitties.co/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CryptoKitties</a>这样的虚拟资产游戏，还有就是博彩类的游戏，比如<a href="https://www.satoshidice.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">中本聪筛子</a>，<a href="https://www.vdice.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">vDice</a>等。</p><figure><img src="'+t+'" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption>这是我当初花了300刀买的一只CryptoKitties，编号448412</figcaption></figure><p>严格来说，这些都不算是真正的游戏，在我看来，区块链游戏起码要做到真正的去中心化，能够实现玩家和玩家之间的互动，并且能提供玩家最基本的游戏乐趣才行。而目前所谓的区块链游戏还远远无法满足这几点，而且现在的区块链被笼罩在非常不好的资本炒作氛围中，所谓的区块链创业大部分都是挂羊头卖狗肉而已。 从技术上讲，游戏的去中心化并不是一件新鲜事，比如加密领域的“抛币协议”可以算是这方面的老祖宗了。早在1981年，数学家Manuel Blum就曾经发表了一篇著名的论文《Coin Flipping by Telephone: A Protocol for Solving Impossible Problems.》，在开篇就提出一个有趣的情景： <img src="'+e+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p>简单的描述就是两个人想通过抛硬币来决定解决他们之间的分歧，那么如何通过电话或者互联网来实现这个行为呢？很显然让其中一个人来随机是不行的，因为他们互不信任，两个人合作呢？比如说双方各自从0和1之间随机一个值，然后把两个值异或作为最终的结果？也不行，比如说Alice随机出0或者1，她把这个数告诉Bob，那么Bob就有机会根据Alice随机到的值操纵最后结果。所以想得到真正公平的结果，抛币协议必须能够满足“抛币入井”的特性，如同把硬币扔进井中，双方只可以去观看而不能改变结果。<br> 一种简单的方法是利用单向函数，比如首先让Alice准备一个随机字符串，其中包含”head”或者”tail”作为抛币结果, 然后把这个字符串的hash值给Bob，让Bob猜是head还是tail，最后Alice把原始的字符串公布以验证。这个协议利用了hash函数是单向函数的特性，由于Bob只收到了hash值，他无法判断原始字符串，所以无法作弊，而Alice如果想抵赖，就需要能够操纵这个hash函数，重新构造出一个字符串使其hash值和发给Bob的那个一摸一样，这也是不可能的（或者说很困难的），在WikiPedia给出了一种这个协议的具体实现。</p><figure><img src="'+n+'" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>但Blum给出的协议并不是这样，原因是使用hash函数并不“严肃”，因为很难对其进行严格的安全性分析，尽管Bob无法从hash值反推回原来的字符串，但他很可能发现一些蛛丝马迹，而且靠其中一方直接随机出抛币结果也不公平，因为这需要依赖很高质量且双方都信任的随机函数，Blum的抛币协议可以简单的描述为下面的过程：</p>',7),m("ol",null,[m("li",null,[s("首先Bob准备一个Blum整数"),m("mjx-container",{class:"MathJax",jax:"CHTML",style:{position:"relative"}},[m("mjx-math",{class:"MJX-TEX","aria-hidden":"true"},[m("mjx-mi",{class:"mjx-i"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"})]),m("mjx-mo",{class:"mjx-n",space:"4"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c3D"})]),m("mjx-mi",{class:"mjx-i",space:"4"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c1D45D TEX-I"})]),m("mjx-mi",{class:"mjx-i"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c1D45E 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这是由于在同余系统中"),m("mjx-container",{class:"MathJax",jax:"CHTML",style:{position:"relative"}},[m("mjx-math",{class:"MJX-TEX","aria-hidden":"true"},[m("mjx-mi",{class:"mjx-i"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c1D45D TEX-I"})]),m("mjx-mo",{class:"mjx-n",space:"3"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c2212"})]),m("mjx-mn",{class:"mjx-n",space:"3"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c31"})]),m("mjx-mo",{class:"mjx-n",space:"4"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c2261"})]),m("mjx-mo",{class:"mjx-n",space:"4"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c2212"})]),m("mjx-mn",{class:"mjx-n"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c31"})]),m("mjx-mspace",{style:{width:"0.444em"}}),m("mjx-mo",{class:"mjx-n"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c28"})]),m("mjx-mi",{class:"mjx-n"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c6D"}),m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c6F"}),m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c64"})]),m("mjx-mspace",{style:{width:"0.333em"}}),m("mjx-mi",{class:"mjx-i",space:"2"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c1D45D 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symbol"),s(")，同样用"),m("mjx-container",{class:"MathJax",jax:"CHTML",style:{position:"relative"}},[m("mjx-math",{class:"MJX-TEX","aria-hidden":"true"},[m("mjx-mrow",null,[m("mjx-mo",{class:"mjx-sop"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c28 TEX-S1"})]),m("mjx-mfrac",null,[m("mjx-frac",null,[m("mjx-num",null,[m("mjx-nstrut"),m("mjx-mi",{class:"mjx-i",size:"s"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"})])]),m("mjx-dbox",null,[m("mjx-dtable",null,[m("mjx-line"),m("mjx-row",null,[m("mjx-den",null,[m("mjx-dstrut"),m("mjx-mi",{class:"mjx-i",size:"s"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"})])])])])])])]),m("mjx-mo",{class:"mjx-sop"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c29 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那么Alice有可能作弊吗？如果她想作弊，那么她需要准备两个"),m("mjx-container",{class:"MathJax",jax:"CHTML",style:{position:"relative"}},[m("mjx-math",{class:"MJX-TEX","aria-hidden":"true"},[m("mjx-mi",{class:"mjx-i"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c1D465 TEX-I"})])]),m("mjx-assistive-mml",{unselectable:"on",display:"inline"},[m("math",{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"},[m("mi",null,"x")])])]),s("，满足")],-1),m("mjx-container",{class:"MathJax",jax:"CHTML",display:"true",style:{position:"relative"}},[m("mjx-math",{display:"true",style:{"margin-left":"0","margin-right":"0"},class:"MJX-TEX","aria-hidden":"true"},[m("mjx-msubsup",null,[m("mjx-mi",{class:"mjx-i"},[m("mjx-c",{class:"mjx-c1D465 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