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active collapsible">图形学 <span class="down arrow"></span></p><ul style="" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item collapsible">数学基础 <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/math/math_01.html" aria-label="矢量"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->矢量<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/math/math_02.html" aria-label="矩阵"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->矩阵<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/math/math_03.html" aria-label="立体角"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->立体角<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/math/transform_01.html" aria-label="几何变换(一)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->几何变换(一)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/math/transform_02.html" aria-label="几何变换(二)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->几何变换(二)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/math/transform_03.html" aria-label="法线变换"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->法线变换<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/math/transform_04.html" aria-label="摄像机变换"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->摄像机变换<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item active collapsible">光照模型 <span class="down arrow"></span></p><ul style="" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/illumination_model/classic/illumination_model_01.html" aria-label="传统光照模型"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->传统光照模型<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/illumination_model/luminosity/luminosity.html" aria-label="光度学"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->光度学<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link route-link-active auto-link vp-sidebar-item active" href="/note/graphics/illumination_model/BRDF/BRDF.html" aria-label="双向反射分布函数(BRDF)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->双向反射分布函数(BRDF)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><ul style="" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="#_1-物体对光的反应" aria-label="1. 物体对光的反应"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->1. 物体对光的反应<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><ul style="" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="#_1-1-金属" aria-label="1.1 金属"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->1.1 金属<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="#_1-2-非金属" aria-label="1.2 非金属"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->1.2 非金属<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="#_2-brdf" aria-label="2. BRDF"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->2. BRDF<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><ul style="" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="#_2-1-定义" aria-label="2.1 定义"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->2.1 定义<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="#_2-2-特性" aria-label="2.2 特性"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->2.2 特性<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="#_2-3-为什么brdf方程是l和e的比值" aria-label="2.3 为什么BRDF方程是L和E的比值"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->2.3 为什么BRDF方程是L和E的比值<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/illumination_model/microfacets/microfacets_1.html" aria-label="微平面理论(一)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->微平面理论(一)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/illumination_model/microfacets/microfacets_2.html" aria-label="微平面理论(二)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->微平面理论(二)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/illumination_model/microfacets/microfacets_3.html" aria-label="微平面理论(三)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->微平面理论(三)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/illumination_model/render_function/render_function_1.html" aria-label="光照方程"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->光照方程<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item collapsible">环境光渲染 <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/image_based_lighting/ibl_01.html" aria-label="环境光渲染(一)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->环境光渲染(一)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/image_based_lighting/ibl_02.html" aria-label="环境光渲染(二)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->环境光渲染(二)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item collapsible">编程语言 <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item collapsible">JavaScript <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/language/javascript/helloworld.html" aria-label="环境搭建"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->环境搭建<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/language/javascript/grammar.html" aria-label="基本语法"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->基本语法<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/language/javascript/function.html" aria-label="函数"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->函数<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/language/javascript/object_and_class.html" aria-label="对象和类"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->对象和类<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><!--]--></ul></li><!--]--></ul></li><!--]--></ul><!--[--><!--]--></aside><!--]--><!--[--><main class="vp-page"><!--[--><!--]--><div vp-content><!--[--><!--]--><div><h1 id="brdf-双向反射分布函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#brdf-双向反射分布函数"><span>BRDF(双向反射分布函数)</span></a></h1><hr><h2 id="_1-物体对光的反应" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-物体对光的反应"><span>1. 物体对光的反应</span></a></h2><h3 id="_1-1-金属" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-金属"><span>1.1 金属</span></a></h3><figure><img src="/assets/metal-Dck04b93.png" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>对于金属，折射进表面的光线的能量会立即被金属中的自由电子吸收，转换成电子的能量，不再可见</p><h3 id="_1-2-非金属" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-非金属"><span>1.2 非金属</span></a></h3><figure><img src="/assets/nonmetal-CI7Tab9J.png" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>对于非金属（电介质或绝缘体），它们往往不是由单一成分构成，而可以认为其中包含了很多折射率不同的微粒，光线遇到这些粒子后发生反射折射，在物质内部不断传播，散射到不同方向，其中一部分会再次穿过表面被观察到,这种现象称为次表面散射(Subsurface Scattering)</p><h4 id="_1-2-1-观察尺度" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-1-观察尺度"><span>1.2.1 观察尺度</span></a></h4><p>根据物质属性和观察尺度的不同，次表面散射会表现出不同的效果</p><figure><img src="/assets/diffuse-DzA4a2DL.png" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>如果光线在物质中传播距离小于观察尺度（绿色区域，可以认为是一个像素区域），我们看到情况如下面的右上图，入射点、反射点、次表面散射的出射点看起来是同一个点。其中反射部分（图中浅棕色出射光）就是我们常说的高光（Specular Light），常聚集在一个方向周围，向这个方向观察该点会看到明显的高光，从其他方向观察该点时高光则比较微弱；次表面散射部分（图中蓝色出射光）是漫射光（Diffuse Light），光线被散射到各个方向。</p><figure><img src="/assets/Subsurface-OKPGhRs8.png" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>如果光线在物质中的传播距离大于观察尺度，就需要使用次表面散射算法来建模</p><h2 id="_2-brdf" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-brdf"><span>2. BRDF</span></a></h2><h3 id="_2-1-定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-定义"><span>2.1 定义</span></a></h3><p>BRDF(bidirectional reflectance distribution function),是用来描述反光小平面的反射光和入射光的比例关系的函数，设一个不透明的、不发光的小平面，BRDF的定义为</p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" display="true" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math display="true" style="margin-left:0;margin-right:0;" class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D453 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 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class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.524em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-num><mjx-dbox><mjx-dtable><mjx-line type="d"></mjx-line><mjx-row><mjx-den><mjx-dstrut type="d"></mjx-dstrut><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D438 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;margin-left:-0.026em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-den></mjx-row></mjx-dtable></mjx-dbox></mjx-frac></mjx-mfrac></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo>,</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></mfrac></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><figure><img src="/assets/BRDF-BEtmk4Gk.svg" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>其中<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D453 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>就是BRDF函数 <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>是入射光方向， <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.524em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>是观察方向 <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.524em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>是<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.524em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>方向反射光的亮度(Luminance) <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D438 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;margin-left:-0.026em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>是小平面接受的照度在<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>方向上的分量, 由照度和亮度的定义可知，来自入射方向的入射光的辐射率（亮度）为</p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" display="true" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math display="true" style="margin-left:0;margin-right:0;" class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mfrac space="4"><mjx-frac type="d"><mjx-num><mjx-nstrut type="d"></mjx-nstrut><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3A6"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-num><mjx-dbox><mjx-dtable><mjx-line type="d"></mjx-line><mjx-row><mjx-den><mjx-dstrut type="d"></mjx-dstrut><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msup><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D434 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:0.289em;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D443 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D457 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-den></mjx-row></mjx-dtable></mjx-dbox></mjx-frac></mjx-mfrac><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mfrac space="4"><mjx-frac type="d"><mjx-num><mjx-nstrut type="d"></mjx-nstrut><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3A6"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-num><mjx-dbox><mjx-dtable><mjx-line type="d"></mjx-line><mjx-row><mjx-den><mjx-dstrut type="d"></mjx-dstrut><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D434 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c63"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c6F"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c73"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2061"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-msub space="2"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D703 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-mrow></mjx-den></mjx-row></mjx-dtable></mjx-dbox></mjx-frac></mjx-mfrac><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mfrac space="4"><mjx-frac type="d"><mjx-num><mjx-nstrut type="d"></mjx-nstrut><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D438 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-num><mjx-dbox><mjx-dtable><mjx-line type="d"></mjx-line><mjx-row><mjx-den><mjx-dstrut type="d"></mjx-dstrut><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c63"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c6F"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c73"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2061"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-msub space="2"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D703 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-mrow></mjx-den></mjx-row></mjx-dtable></mjx-dbox></mjx-frac></mjx-mfrac></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mi>d</mi><msup><mi>A</mi><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi>P</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>j</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mi>d</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>cos</mi><mo data-mjx-texclass="NONE"></mo><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mi>cos</mi><mo data-mjx-texclass="NONE"></mo><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><p>得到<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D438 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;margin-left:-0.026em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-msub space="4"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c63"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c6F"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c73"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2061"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-msub space="2"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D703 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>d</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>cos</mi><mo data-mjx-texclass="NONE"></mo><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mi>d</mi><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，所以</p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" display="true" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math display="true" style="margin-left:0;margin-right:0;" class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D453 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom space="2" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.524em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mfrac space="4"><mjx-frac type="d"><mjx-num><mjx-nstrut type="d"></mjx-nstrut><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.524em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-num><mjx-dbox><mjx-dtable><mjx-line type="d"></mjx-line><mjx-row><mjx-den><mjx-dstrut type="d"></mjx-dstrut><mjx-mrow><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c63"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c6F"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c73"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2061"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-msub space="2"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D703 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-mrow></mjx-den></mjx-row></mjx-dtable></mjx-dbox></mjx-frac></mjx-mfrac></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo>,</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>cos</mi><mo data-mjx-texclass="NONE"></mo><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mi>d</mi><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><h3 id="_2-2-特性" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-2-特性"><span>2.2 特性</span></a></h3><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" display="true" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math display="true" style="margin-left:0;margin-right:0;" class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mtable style="min-width:16.273em;"><mjx-table><mjx-itable><mjx-mtr><mjx-mtd style="text-align:right;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D453 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom space="2" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.524em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-tstrut></mjx-tstrut></mjx-mtd><mjx-mtd style="text-align:left;padding-left:0;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2265"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c30"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-tstrut></mjx-tstrut></mjx-mtd></mjx-mtr><mjx-mtr><mjx-mtd style="text-align:right;padding-right:0;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D453 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom space="2" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.524em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-tstrut></mjx-tstrut></mjx-mtd><mjx-mtd style="text-align:left;padding-left:0;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D453 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.524em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom space="2" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-tstrut></mjx-tstrut></mjx-mtd></mjx-mtr><mjx-mtr><mjx-mtd style="text-align:right;padding-right:0;padding-top:0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2200"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-msub space="2"><mjx-mo class="mjx-lop"><mjx-c class="mjx-c222B TEX-S2"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.896em;margin-left:-0.388em;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3A9"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D453 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.474em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom space="2" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mover><mjx-over style="padding-bottom:0.105em;padding-left:0.524em;margin-bottom:-0.516em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" style="width:0;margin-left:-0.25em;"><mjx-c class="mjx-c20D7 TEX-V"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-base></mjx-mover></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c63"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c6F"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c73"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2061"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-msub space="2"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D703 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-tstrut></mjx-tstrut></mjx-mtd><mjx-mtd style="text-align:left;padding-left:0;padding-top:0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2264"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-tstrut></mjx-tstrut></mjx-mtd></mjx-mtr></mjx-itable></mjx-table></mjx-mtable></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><mtable displaystyle="true" columnalign="right left" columnspacing="0em" rowspacing="3pt"><mtr><mtd><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo>,</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mtd><mtd><mi></mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo>,</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mtd><mtd><mi></mi><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo>,</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo>,</mo><msub><mo data-mjx-texclass="OP">∫</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi></mrow></msub><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo>,</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mover><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo></mover></mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>cos</mi><mo data-mjx-texclass="NONE"></mo><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mi>d</mi><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>o</mi></msub></mtd><mtd><mi></mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>1</mn></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><h3 id="_2-3-为什么brdf方程是l和e的比值" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-为什么brdf方程是l和e的比值"><span>2.3 <strong>为什么BRDF方程是L和E的比值</strong></span></a></h3><p><a href="https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/21376124" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">参考</a></p><h4 id="_2-3-1-从测量方面来看" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-1-从测量方面来看"><span>2.3.1 从测量方面来看</span></a></h4><p>测量入射光的设备测量小平面的照度（E）最方便，不用关心方向，而测量出射光则是测量辐射率(L)最方便，用狭长的测光筒</p><h4 id="_2-3-2-从数学角度来解释" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-2-从数学角度来解释"><span>2.3.2 从数学角度来解释</span></a></h4><p>一束光照到平面后，被平面反射到各个方向，其中一个出射方向的光通量只是整个反射光通量极小的一部分，当出射方向立体角趋于0时，</p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" display="true" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math display="true" style="margin-left:0;margin-right:0;" class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-munder><mjx-row><mjx-base style="padding-left:0.206em;"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c6C"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c69"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c6D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-base></mjx-row><mjx-row><mjx-under style="padding-top:0.167em;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2192"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c30"></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-under></mjx-row></mjx-munder><mjx-mfrac space="2"><mjx-frac type="d"><mjx-num><mjx-nstrut type="d"></mjx-nstrut><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-mrow></mjx-num><mjx-dbox><mjx-dtable><mjx-line type="d"></mjx-line><mjx-row><mjx-den><mjx-dstrut type="d"></mjx-dstrut><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-den></mjx-row></mjx-dtable></mjx-dbox></mjx-frac></mjx-mfrac><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c30"></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><munder><mo data-mjx-texclass="OP" movablelimits="true">lim</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></munder><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>o</mi></msub></mrow><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><p>所以在实际计算中使用辐射率和辐射率比值是没有意义的。而如果分母改成表面上接收到的来自光源方向的微分辐照度，<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D438 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-msub space="4"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D459 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D714 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c63"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c6F"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c73"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2061"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-msub space="2"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D703 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>l</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>ω</mi><mi>cos</mi><mo data-mjx-texclass="NONE"></mo><msub><mi>θ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D438 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>会小很多，所以比值<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45C TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2F"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D451 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msub><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D438 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;margin-left:-0.026em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>d</mi><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>/</mo></mrow><mi>d</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>是有意义的</p></div><!--[--><!--]--></div><footer class="vp-page-meta"><!----><div class="vp-meta-item git-info"><div class="vp-meta-item last-updated"><span class="meta-item-label">Last Updated: </span><!----></div><div class="vp-meta-item contributors"><span class="meta-item-label">Contributors: </span><span 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