44 lines
78 KiB
HTML
44 lines
78 KiB
HTML
<!doctype html>
|
||
<html lang="zh-CN">
|
||
<head>
|
||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />
|
||
<meta name="generator" content="VuePress 2.0.0-rc.19" />
|
||
<style>
|
||
:root {
|
||
--vp-c-bg: #fff;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
[data-theme='dark'] {
|
||
--vp-c-bg: #1b1b1f;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
html,
|
||
body {
|
||
background-color: var(--vp-c-bg);
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<script>
|
||
const useChoice = localStorage.getItem('vuepress-color-scheme')
|
||
const systemStatus =
|
||
'matchMedia' in window
|
||
? window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches
|
||
: false
|
||
|
||
if (useChoice === 'light') {
|
||
document.documentElement.dataset.theme = 'light'
|
||
} else if (useChoice === 'dark' || systemStatus) {
|
||
document.documentElement.dataset.theme = 'dark'
|
||
}
|
||
</script>
|
||
<title>群(Group) | 我的博客和笔记</title><meta name="description" content="理性派，数学，物理，程序">
|
||
<link rel="preload" href="/assets/style-rVXtlCEX.css" as="style"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/style-rVXtlCEX.css">
|
||
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/app-DCgfI_Ar.js"><link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/group.html-B2MhiTkG.js">
|
||
<link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/about.html-CQwjJJ4U.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/index.html-6qNrQaIZ.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/index.html-BRxvsNN3.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/index.html-CzVWqFX0.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/flip_coin.html-DNL9iUgk.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/index.html-C5HN6bi8.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/mental_poker.html-CLs73uQW.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/rsa.html-Bv8ykwuW.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/index.html-BSFddfUb.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/index.html-DDOlrw8w.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/index.html-zkFRg9vf.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/number_theory_1.html-CoIplkcT.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/number_theory_2.html-D8x4nfx5.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/number_theory_3.html-D3vQF51o.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/probability.html-DoBk80lr.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/symbol.html-bURhLden.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/DH.html-Dt6JqPYb.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/Ellipse.html-BUnbgevg.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/Fibonacci.html-BiuROyev.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/JPEG001.html-B2nj7Bra.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/JPEG002.html-DgUoCOgr.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/JPEG003.html-BPYxxD4y.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/JPEG004.html-BcQWQ7eS.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/JPEG005.html-C8F45bNY.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/Martingle.html-C2FgYdb8.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/MentalPoker01.html-C9NUv8MC.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/MentalPoker02.html-DIHcuYeu.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/RandRound.html-BGGSonoM.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/SPH001.html-DMjHvcxd.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/SPH002.html-CTE9Lo2A.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/SPH003.html-CwVNyaS0.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/SPH004.html-CBtXfYSQ.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/SegmentCircle.html-CnUZl7S4.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/index.html-CFJdM7dU.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/ibl_01.html-0Z_ltqAf.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/ibl_02.html-DayfXUc1.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/index.html-DSkmcrYk.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/index.html-FivSaz-B.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/math_01.html-BlnTWAPG.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/math_02.html-BH-5YD6l.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/math_03.html-or7U2Ler.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/transform_01.html-BBX1DwKc.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/transform_02.html-Bvh-bHQk.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/transform_03.html-Chik6eQu.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/transform_04.html-BLgYzzeD.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/function.html-CEWCxiL6.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/grammar.html-DlALvnG-.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/helloworld.html-Bqg-HdM2.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/index.html-0LchSZBb.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/object_and_class.html-C7JRqb2s.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/BRDF.html-Bgcg9RGZ.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/illumination_model_01.html-CiSqrAjz.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/luminosity.html-BstjZjVW.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/microfacets_1.html-99MbwRW9.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/microfacets_2.html-CKRRGKEG.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/microfacets_3.html-BzBgt2Tm.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/render_function_1.html-Df3kbjxi.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/404.html-COTY7s-B.js" as="script"><link rel="prefetch" href="/assets/setupDevtools-7MC2TMWH-Cu5entl9.js" as="script">
|
||
</head>
|
||
<body>
|
||
<div id="app"><!--[--><div class="vp-theme-container external-link-icon" vp-container><!--[--><header class="vp-navbar" vp-navbar><div class="vp-toggle-sidebar-button" title="toggle sidebar" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="icon" aria-hidden="true"><span></span><span></span><span></span></div></div><span><a class="route-link" href="/"><img class="vp-site-logo" src="/favicon.png" alt="我的博客和笔记"><span class="vp-site-name vp-hide-mobile" aria-hidden="true">我的博客和笔记</span></a></span><div class="vp-navbar-items-wrapper" style=""><!--[--><!--]--><nav class="vp-navbar-items vp-hide-mobile" aria-label="site navigation"><!--[--><div class="vp-navbar-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/" aria-label="首页"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->首页<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></div><div class="vp-navbar-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/blog/" aria-label="文章"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->文章<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></div><div class="vp-navbar-item"><div class="vp-navbar-dropdown-wrapper"><button class="vp-navbar-dropdown-title" type="button" aria-label="开源项目"><span class="title">开源项目</span><span class="arrow down"></span></button><button class="vp-navbar-dropdown-title-mobile" type="button" aria-label="开源项目"><span class="title">开源项目</span><span class="right arrow"></span></button><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-navbar-dropdown"><!--[--><li class="vp-navbar-dropdown-item"><a class="auto-link external-link" href="https://github.com/thejinchao/turbolink" aria-label="TurboLink" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->TurboLink<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></li><!--]--></ul></div></div><div class="vp-navbar-item"><div class="vp-navbar-dropdown-wrapper"><button class="vp-navbar-dropdown-title" type="button" aria-label="个人笔记"><span class="title">个人笔记</span><span class="arrow down"></span></button><button class="vp-navbar-dropdown-title-mobile" type="button" aria-label="个人笔记"><span class="title">个人笔记</span><span class="right arrow"></span></button><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-navbar-dropdown"><!--[--><li class="vp-navbar-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link route-link-active auto-link" href="/note/math/" aria-label="数学相关"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->数学相关<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></li><li class="vp-navbar-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/note/graphics/" aria-label="图形学"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->图形学<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></li><li class="vp-navbar-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/note/cryptography/" aria-label="密码学"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->密码学<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></li><li class="vp-navbar-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/note/language/" aria-label="编程语言"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->编程语言<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></li><!--]--></ul></div></div><div class="vp-navbar-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/about.html" aria-label="关于"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->关于<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></div><!--]--></nav><!--[--><!--]--><button type="button" class="vp-toggle-color-mode-button" title="toggle color mode"><svg class="light-icon" viewbox="0 0 32 32" style=""><path d="M16 12.005a4 4 0 1 1-4 4a4.005 4.005 0 0 1 4-4m0-2a6 6 0 1 0 6 6a6 6 0 0 0-6-6z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M5.394 6.813l1.414-1.415l3.506 3.506L8.9 10.318z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M2 15.005h5v2H2z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M5.394 25.197L8.9 21.691l1.414 1.415l-3.506 3.505z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M15 25.005h2v5h-2z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M21.687 23.106l1.414-1.415l3.506 3.506l-1.414 1.414z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M25 15.005h5v2h-5z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M21.687 8.904l3.506-3.506l1.414 1.415l-3.506 3.505z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M15 2.005h2v5h-2z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><svg class="dark-icon" viewbox="0 0 32 32" style="display:none;"><path d="M13.502 5.414a15.075 15.075 0 0 0 11.594 18.194a11.113 11.113 0 0 1-7.975 3.39c-.138 0-.278.005-.418 0a11.094 11.094 0 0 1-3.2-21.584M14.98 3a1.002 1.002 0 0 0-.175.016a13.096 13.096 0 0 0 1.825 25.981c.164.006.328 0 .49 0a13.072 13.072 0 0 0 10.703-5.555a1.01 1.01 0 0 0-.783-1.565A13.08 13.08 0 0 1 15.89 4.38A1.015 1.015 0 0 0 14.98 3z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></button><!----></div></header><!--]--><div class="vp-sidebar-mask"></div><!--[--><aside class="vp-sidebar" vp-sidebar><nav class="vp-navbar-items" aria-label="site navigation"><!--[--><div class="vp-navbar-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/" aria-label="首页"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->首页<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></div><div class="vp-navbar-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/blog/" aria-label="文章"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->文章<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></div><div class="vp-navbar-item"><div class="vp-navbar-dropdown-wrapper"><button class="vp-navbar-dropdown-title" type="button" aria-label="开源项目"><span class="title">开源项目</span><span class="arrow down"></span></button><button class="vp-navbar-dropdown-title-mobile" type="button" aria-label="开源项目"><span class="title">开源项目</span><span class="right arrow"></span></button><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-navbar-dropdown"><!--[--><li class="vp-navbar-dropdown-item"><a class="auto-link external-link" href="https://github.com/thejinchao/turbolink" aria-label="TurboLink" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->TurboLink<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></li><!--]--></ul></div></div><div class="vp-navbar-item"><div class="vp-navbar-dropdown-wrapper"><button class="vp-navbar-dropdown-title" type="button" aria-label="个人笔记"><span class="title">个人笔记</span><span class="arrow down"></span></button><button class="vp-navbar-dropdown-title-mobile" type="button" aria-label="个人笔记"><span class="title">个人笔记</span><span class="right arrow"></span></button><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-navbar-dropdown"><!--[--><li class="vp-navbar-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link route-link-active auto-link" href="/note/math/" aria-label="数学相关"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->数学相关<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></li><li class="vp-navbar-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/note/graphics/" aria-label="图形学"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->图形学<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></li><li class="vp-navbar-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/note/cryptography/" aria-label="密码学"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->密码学<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></li><li class="vp-navbar-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/note/language/" aria-label="编程语言"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->编程语言<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></li><!--]--></ul></div></div><div class="vp-navbar-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/about.html" aria-label="关于"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->关于<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a></div><!--]--></nav><!--[--><!--]--><ul class="vp-sidebar-items"><!--[--><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item vp-sidebar-heading collapsible">我的文章 <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item collapsible">从抛币协议到智能合约 <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/MentalPoker01.html" aria-label="Part1"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->Part1<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/MentalPoker02.html" aria-label="Part2"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->Part2<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item collapsible">JPEG算法解密 <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/JPEG001.html" aria-label="Part1"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->Part1<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/JPEG002.html" aria-label="Part2"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->Part2<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/JPEG003.html" aria-label="Part3"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->Part3<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/JPEG004.html" aria-label="Part4"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->Part4<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/JPEG005.html" aria-label="Part5"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->Part5<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="auto-link external-link vp-sidebar-item" href="http://github.com/thejinchao/jpeg_encoder" aria-label="Github" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->Github<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item collapsible">SPH算法简介 <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/SPH001.html" aria-label="Part1"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->Part1<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/SPH002.html" aria-label="Part2"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->Part2<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/SPH003.html" aria-label="Part3"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->Part3<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/SPH004.html" aria-label="Part4"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->Part4<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="auto-link external-link vp-sidebar-item" href="https://github.com/thejinchao/fluid" aria-label="Github" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->Github<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/Martingle.html" aria-label="赌博中的数学：Martingle策略"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->赌博中的数学：Martingle策略<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/RandRound.html" aria-label="如何生成一个随机的圆形"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->如何生成一个随机的圆形<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/DH.html" aria-label="一个简单的DH密钥协商算法的实现"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->一个简单的DH密钥协商算法的实现<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/SegmentCircle.html" aria-label="如何计算线段和圆的交点"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->如何计算线段和圆的交点<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/Ellipse.html" aria-label="一道数学趣题"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->一道数学趣题<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/blog/2025/02/Fibonacci.html" aria-label="斐波那契数列和1/89"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->斐波那契数列和1/89<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item vp-sidebar-heading collapsible">开源项目 <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="auto-link external-link vp-sidebar-item" href="https://github.com/thejinchao/turbolink" aria-label="TurboLink" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->TurboLink<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item vp-sidebar-heading active collapsible">学习笔记 <span class="down arrow"></span></p><ul style="" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item active collapsible">数学相关 <span class="down arrow"></span></p><ul style="" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/math/symbol.html" aria-label="常用数学符号"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->常用数学符号<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link route-link-active auto-link vp-sidebar-item active" href="/note/math/group.html" aria-label="群"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->群<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><ul style="" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="#群的定义" aria-label="群的定义"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->群的定义<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="#阿贝尔群" aria-label="阿贝尔群"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->阿贝尔群<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="#重复运算的简化" aria-label="重复运算的简化"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->重复运算的简化<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="#常用群" aria-label="常用群"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->常用群<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/math/number_theory_1.html" aria-label="数论（一）"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->数论（一）<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/math/number_theory_2.html" aria-label="数论（二）"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->数论（二）<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/math/number_theory_3.html" aria-label="数论（三）"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->数论（三）<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/math/probability.html" aria-label="概率"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->概率<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item collapsible">密码学 <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/cryptography/rsa.html" aria-label="RSA"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->RSA<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/cryptography/flip_coin.html" aria-label="抛币协议"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->抛币协议<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/cryptography/mental_poker.html" aria-label="智能扑克协议"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->智能扑克协议<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item collapsible">图形学 <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item collapsible">数学基础 <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/math/math_01.html" aria-label="矢量"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->矢量<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/math/math_02.html" aria-label="矩阵"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->矩阵<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/math/math_03.html" aria-label="立体角"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->立体角<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/math/transform_01.html" aria-label="几何变换(一)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->几何变换(一)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/math/transform_02.html" aria-label="几何变换(二)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->几何变换(二)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/math/transform_03.html" aria-label="法线变换"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->法线变换<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/math/transform_04.html" aria-label="摄像机变换"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->摄像机变换<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item collapsible">光照模型 <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/illumination_model/classic/illumination_model_01.html" aria-label="传统光照模型"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->传统光照模型<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/illumination_model/luminosity/luminosity.html" aria-label="光度学"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->光度学<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/illumination_model/BRDF/BRDF.html" aria-label="双向反射分布函数(BRDF)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->双向反射分布函数(BRDF)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/illumination_model/microfacets/microfacets_1.html" aria-label="微平面理论(一)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->微平面理论(一)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/illumination_model/microfacets/microfacets_2.html" aria-label="微平面理论(二)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->微平面理论(二)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/illumination_model/microfacets/microfacets_3.html" aria-label="微平面理论(三)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->微平面理论(三)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/illumination_model/render_function/render_function_1.html" aria-label="光照方程"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->光照方程<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item collapsible">环境光渲染 <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/image_based_lighting/ibl_01.html" aria-label="环境光渲染(一)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->环境光渲染(一)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/graphics/image_based_lighting/ibl_02.html" aria-label="环境光渲染(二)"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->环境光渲染(二)<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><!--]--></ul></li><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item collapsible">编程语言 <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><p tabindex="0" class="vp-sidebar-item collapsible">JavaScript <span class="right arrow"></span></p><ul style="display:none;" class="vp-sidebar-children"><!--[--><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/language/javascript/helloworld.html" aria-label="环境搭建"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->环境搭建<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/language/javascript/grammar.html" aria-label="基本语法"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->基本语法<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/language/javascript/function.html" aria-label="函数"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->函数<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-item" href="/note/language/javascript/object_and_class.html" aria-label="对象和类"><!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]-->对象和类<!--[--><!--[--><!--]--><!--]--></a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></li><!--]--></ul></li><!--]--></ul></li><!--]--></ul><!--[--><!--]--></aside><!--]--><!--[--><main class="vp-page"><!--[--><!--]--><div vp-content><!--[--><!--]--><div><h1 id="群-group" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#群-group"><span>群(Group)</span></a></h1><hr><h2 id="群的定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#群的定义"><span>群的定义</span></a></h2><p>群(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_%28mathematics%29" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Group</a>)是一个对象集合G，并且包含了一种运算○，定义如下</p><p>集合<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>G</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>和运算<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∘</mo></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>构成，一起成为群<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>,</mo><mo>∘</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，前提时满足下面的条件</p><ol><li><strong>封闭律</strong>：<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2200"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2208"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>G</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，有<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2208"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>a</mi><mo>∘</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>G</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container></li><li><strong>结合律</strong>：<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2200"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D450 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2208"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>G</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，有<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D450 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D450 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>a</mi><mo>∘</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>∘</mo><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>∘</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>∘</mo><mi>c</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container></li><li><strong>单位元律</strong>：存在唯一元素<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D452 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2208"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>e</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>G</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，使得<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2200"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2208"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>G</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，均有<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D452 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D452 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>a</mi><mo>∘</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>∘</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，元素<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D452 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>e</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>成为单位元</li><li><strong>可逆律</strong>：<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2200"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2208"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>G</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，存在<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2203"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msup><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:0.363em;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2212"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-script></mjx-msup><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2208"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">∃</mi><msup><mi>a</mi><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>∈</mo><mi>G</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，使得<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-msup space="3"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:0.363em;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2212"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-script></mjx-msup><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-msup space="4"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:0.363em;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2212"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-script></mjx-msup><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D452 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>a</mi><mo>∘</mo><msup><mi>a</mi><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>a</mi><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>∘</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>e</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，其中<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msup><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:0.363em;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2212"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>a</mi><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>称为<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>a</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>的逆元</li></ol><p>在表示群<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>,</mo><mo>∘</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>时，通常省略运算符号，用<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>G</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>表示</p><h2 id="阿贝尔群" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#阿贝尔群"><span>阿贝尔群</span></a></h2><p>如果群中的元素满足交换律，也就是对所有的<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2208"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>G</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>,均有<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44F TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>a</mi><mo>∘</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>∘</mo><mi>a</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>,那么该群称为阿贝尔群（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Abelian group</a>)</p><h2 id="重复运算的简化" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#重复运算的简化"><span>重复运算的简化</span></a></h2><p>令<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>G</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>是运算<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∘</mo></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>下的一个群，那么对于任一元素<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2208"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>a</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>G</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，非负整数<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2208"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom space="4" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2115 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>i</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>, a和自己做i次<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∘</mo></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>运算,可以表达为<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msup><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:0.363em;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-script></mjx-msup><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2208"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D43A TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>a</mi><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi>i</mi></mrow></msup><mo>∈</mo><mi>G</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>, <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msup><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:0.363em;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-script></mjx-msup><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2026"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2218"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>a</mi><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi>i</mi></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>∘</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>∘</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>∘</mo><mo>…</mo><mo>∘</mo><mi>a</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，对于加法群，<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msup><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:0.363em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msup><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-cD7"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D456 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>a</mi><mi>i</mi></msup><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>×</mo><mi>i</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container></p><h2 id="常用群" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#常用群"><span>常用群</span></a></h2><ol><li><strong>整数群</strong>: 整数集<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2124 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>在加法下的群<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2124 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2B"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow><mo>,</mo><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，其中<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D452 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c30"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-msup space="2"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:0.363em;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2212"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-script></mjx-msup><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2212"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><msup><mi>a</mi><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mi>a</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>,同样</li><li><strong>有理数群</strong>: 可以表达为两个整数的商的数称为有理数群，用<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c211A TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>表示，其他还有自然数群<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2115 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>, 实数群<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c211D TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，复数群<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2102 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，在加法运算下<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2124 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2286"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom space="4" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c211A TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2286"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom space="4" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c211D TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2286"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-TeXAtom space="4" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2102 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow><mo>⊆</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi></mrow><mo>⊆</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi></mrow><mo>⊆</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container></li><li><strong>整数模n加法群</strong>: 对于任意<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2265"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>1</mn></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msub><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2124 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow><mi>n</mi></msub></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>表示所有整数模n的集合，完整表示为<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-msub><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2124 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2B"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mspace style="width:0.667em;"></mjx-mspace><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c6D"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c6F"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c64"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mstyle><mjx-mspace style="width:0.167em;"></mjx-mspace></mjx-mstyle><mjx-mstyle><mjx-mspace style="width:0.167em;"></mjx-mspace></mjx-mstyle><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>,</mo><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mspace width="0.667em"></mspace><mi>mod</mi><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，单位元<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D452 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c30"></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，逆元<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msup><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align:0.363em;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2212"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-script></mjx-msup><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2212"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D44E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>a</mi><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>a</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><ol><li><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msub><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2124 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c7B"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c30"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c32"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2026"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2212"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c7D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2B"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mspace style="width:0.667em;"></mjx-mspace><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c6D"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c6F"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c64"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mstyle><mjx-mspace style="width:0.167em;"></mjx-mspace></mjx-mstyle><mjx-mstyle><mjx-mspace style="width:0.167em;"></mjx-mspace></mjx-mstyle><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mo>…</mo><mo>,</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo><mo>,</mo><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mspace width="0.667em"></mspace><mi>mod</mi><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container></li><li><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c23"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msub><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2124 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">#</mi><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container></li></ol></li><li><strong>整数模n乘法群</strong>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_group_of_integers_modulo_n" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Multiplicative group of integers modulo n</a>) : <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msub><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2124 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.15em;"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow><mi>n</mi></msub></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>中所有与n互质的元素构成一个有限乘法群，这里的乘法指模n乘法，用<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msubsup><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2124 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.247em;margin-left:0;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2217"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-spacer style="margin-top:0.322em;"></mjx-spacer><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msubsup></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msubsup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow><mi>n</mi><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>表示，例如<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msubsup><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2124 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.263em;margin-left:0;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2217"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-spacer style="margin-top:0.18em;"></mjx-spacer><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mn class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c35"></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-script></mjx-msubsup><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c7B"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c32"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c34"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c37"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c38"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c33"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c34"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c7D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2217"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mspace style="width:0.667em;"></mjx-mspace><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c6D"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c6F"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c64"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mstyle><mjx-mspace style="width:0.167em;"></mjx-mspace></mjx-mstyle><mjx-mstyle><mjx-mspace style="width:0.167em;"></mjx-mspace></mjx-mstyle><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c35"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msubsup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mn>15</mn></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>11</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>14</mn><mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo><mo>,</mo><mo>∗</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mspace width="0.667em"></mspace><mi>mod</mi><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mn>15</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><ol><li>如果p是质数，那么<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msubsup><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2124 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.247em;margin-left:0;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2217"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-spacer style="margin-top:0.322em;"></mjx-spacer><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45D TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msubsup><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c7B"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c32"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c33"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2026"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45D TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2212"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c7D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2B"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mspace style="width:0.667em;"></mjx-mspace><mjx-mi class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c6D"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c6F"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c64"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mstyle><mjx-mspace style="width:0.167em;"></mjx-mspace></mjx-mstyle><mjx-mstyle><mjx-mspace style="width:0.167em;"></mjx-mspace></mjx-mstyle><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45D TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c23"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-msubsup><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2124 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.247em;margin-left:0;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2217"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-spacer style="margin-top:0.322em;"></mjx-spacer><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45D TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msubsup><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45D TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2212"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msubsup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow><mi>p</mi><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>,</mo><mo>…</mo><mo>,</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo><mo>,</mo><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mspace width="0.667em"></mspace><mi>mod</mi><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mi>p</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">#</mi><msubsup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow><mi>p</mi><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container></li><li>如果<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45D TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>p</mi><mi>q</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>是质数，<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45D TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>p</mi><mi>q</mi></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>，那么根据欧拉定理<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msubsup><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2124 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.247em;margin-left:0;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2217"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-spacer style="margin-top:0.322em;"></mjx-spacer><mjx-mi class="mjx-i" size="s"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msubsup></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msubsup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow><mi>n</mi><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>里元素的个数为<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D719 TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45B TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45D TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2212"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c28"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi class="mjx-i"><mjx-c class="mjx-c1D45E TEX-I"></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2212"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="3"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c29"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ϕ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>q</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container></li><li><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="CHTML" style="position:relative;"><mjx-math class="MJX-TEX" aria-hidden="true"><mjx-msubsup><mjx-TeXAtom texclass="ORD"><mjx-mi class="mjx-ds mjx-b"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2124 TEX-A"></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-script style="vertical-align:-0.263em;margin-left:0;"><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2217"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-TeXAtom><mjx-spacer style="margin-top:0.18em;"></mjx-spacer><mjx-TeXAtom size="s" texclass="ORD"><mjx-mn class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c32"></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-TeXAtom></mjx-script></mjx-msubsup><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c3D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mo class="mjx-n" space="4"><mjx-c class="mjx-c7B"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c35"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c37"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c2C"></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn class="mjx-n" space="2"><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c><mjx-c class="mjx-c31"></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo class="mjx-n"><mjx-c class="mjx-c7D"></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msubsup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mn>12</mn></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>11</mn><mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container></li></ol></li></ol></div><!--[--><!--]--></div><footer class="vp-page-meta"><!----><div class="vp-meta-item git-info"><div class="vp-meta-item last-updated"><span class="meta-item-label">Last Updated: </span><!----></div><div class="vp-meta-item contributors"><span class="meta-item-label">Contributors: </span><span class="meta-item-info"><!--[--><!--[--><span class="contributor" title="email: thejinchao@gmail.com">thejinchao</span><!----><!--]--><!--]--></span></div></div></footer><nav class="vp-page-nav" aria-label="page navigation"><a class="route-link auto-link prev" href="/note/math/symbol.html" aria-label="常用数学符号"><!--[--><div class="hint"><span class="arrow left"></span> Prev</div><div class="link"><span>常用数学符号</span></div><!--]--></a><a class="route-link auto-link next" href="/note/math/number_theory_1.html" aria-label="数论（一）"><!--[--><div class="hint">Next <span class="arrow right"></span></div><div class="link"><span>数论（一）</span></div><!--]--></a></nav><!--[--><!--]--></main><!--]--></div><!--[--><!----><!--]--><!--]--></div>
|
||
<script type="module" src="/assets/app-DCgfI_Ar.js" defer></script>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|